25 Nov 2022
Regulated deficit irrigation Clementina de Nules

Long-term response of ‘Clementina de Nules’ citrus trees to summer regulated deficit irrigation

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) has been assessed in a wide number of fruit crops. However, few are the studies dealing with long-term RDI strategies. In this work, we assessed the response of ‘Clementinade Nules’ citrus trees to summer RDI treatments [RDI-1, irrigated at 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)and RDI-2, irrigated at 35% ETc] during six consecutive seasons (2007–2012). Although water restrictions were applied according to reductions over ETc, threshold values of stem water potential (−1.3 to −1.5 MPain the RDI-1 treatment and −1.5 to −1.7 MPa in the RDI-2) were also considered for scheduling deficitirrigation. Results showed that the water stress imposed in the RDI-2 treatment had a noticeable impacton fresh fruit weight, reducing yield and economic return over the six years and more so during the first two years in comparison to a control treatment irrigated at 100% ETc during the whole season. The RDI-1strategy had a lower impact than the RDI-2 treatment on the fresh fruit weight and did not significantly reduce yield or the economic return over the six seasons.

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26 Oct 2022
Water Analysis

Understanding Water Quality Parameters for Citrus Irrigation and Drainage Systems

A basic knowledge of water quality is very useful for microirrigation system management and is an important consideration in the design and operation of the system. Therefore, the ability to read and understand a water quality analysis is important to the irrigation system manager. A careful analysis of the source water is prudent as a preliminary step to designing a microirrigation system.

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26 Oct 2022
Climate change on Citrus

The Future of Citrus Fruit: The impact of climate change on citriculture.

Current citriculture is threatened by climate change. The increase in temperature, together with other adverse climate phenomena, is modifying the environmental conditions in the regions where citrus varieties are currently being developed. The detrimental effects of these adverse environmental factors on citrus physiology and production, such as drought or augmented soil salinity, will likely increase because of elevated temperatures, which will jeopardise crop production and, in extreme cases, even plant survival.

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26 Oct 2022
Citrus Pests

Sustainability in Brazilian Citriculture: Three Decades of Successful Biological Control of Insect Pests

Citrus insect pests has grown worldwide, concerning entomologists and farmers especially because of the high demand for food that makes it to our tables. The use of pesticides brought several issues, such as the negative impacts on the human health, pollution, and insect resistance. In this context, more environmentally-friendly strategies have been demanded by governments and consumers. In this review, we present three remarkable examples of pest management in Brazil that involved many researchers from different expertise areas to develop more sustainable strategies to reduce the damages to citrus production.

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30 Sep 2022
Washington Navel Orange

Effects of NAA and GA3 Sprays on Fruit Size and the Incidence of Creasing of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange

‘Washington’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] orchards in Israel suffer from creasing – a physiological disorder of the fruit, leaving the fruit unsuitable for the fresh fruit market. Many ‘Washington’ navel orchards tend to bear small size fruit with low market value. This paper presents two experiments, in which the effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 300 mg·L-1) on yield, fruit size, fruit quality and the incidence of creasing of ‘Washington’ navel orange were examined. The NAA effects were compared to those of gibberellic acid (GA3, 20 mg·L-1) – the common treatment for creasing reduction. In the first experiment, 36% of the fruit of the control trees suffered from severe creasing. The NAA sprays in May (at 18-mm fruitlet diameter) and in June (at 30-mm fruitlet diameter) reduced the incidence of creasing to 9 and 6% respectively, while the GA3 spray at August reduced the incidence of creasing to 17% of the fruit.

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31 Aug 2022
Girdling Branches

Delay of early fruitlet abscission by branch girdling in citrus coincides with previous increases in carbohydrate and gibberellin concentrations

Current evidence in citrus indicates that gibberellins (GAs) are main determinants of early fruit set while subsequent growth of developing fruits is mostly dependent upon carbohydrate availability. In this work, branch girdling performed at anthesis in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu (Mak.) Marc.) cv. Okitsu transitorily reduced early abscission rates (12–32 days after anthesis, DAA) delaying initially the process of natural fruitlet drop. The effects of girdling on growth, gibberellin (GA) and carbohydrate concentrations in developing ovaries and fruitlets were assessed during this initial growth stage (0–69 DAA). In girdled branches, abscission rate reduction was preceded by elevated concentrations of carbohydrate and GA in developing ovaries and fruitlets.

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21 Jul 2022
Leaf Abscission

Abscisic Acid Reduces Leaf Abscission and Increases Salt Tolerance in Citrus Plants

This paper describes the physiological effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and 100 mM NaCl on citrus plants. Water potential, leaf abscission, ethylene production, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chloride accumulation in roots and leaves were measured in plants of Salustiana scion [Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck] grafted onto Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck · Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf) rootstock. Plants under salt stress accumulated high amounts of chloride, increased ethylene production, and induced leaf abscission. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates rapidly dropped after salinization.

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23 Jun 2022
Valencia

Effect of Different Rates of Sulphur Fertilization on Fruit Yield and Leaf Mineral Composition of ‘Valencia’ Oranges in the Subtropical Environment of South Africa

Although sulphur is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth with a crop requirement similar to phosphorus (P), this nutrient element has received little attention because it is supplied in insecticides, fungicides, manure and from the atmosphere. With the relaxation of this requirement, and restrictions on sulphur dioxide emissions by industries it has become apparent that sulphur deficiency is widespread throughout the world. The majority of farmers submitting samples for soil and leaf nutrient analysis do not request a sulphur (S) test. This is due to the fact that farmers are still under the impression that there is enough sulphur in the soil.

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