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15 Feb 2016
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Spray application in citrus – Sprayer calibration and checklist

Gideon van Zyl, Paul Fourie, Tian Schutte, Tim Grout (CRI) and Johan van Zyl (Nexusag)
CRI Cutting Edge, Research News from Citrus Research International

Fungicides and pesticides are only as effective as their application. The main objective of spray application is the optimal dose transfer of the well agitated tank mix, which includes one or more active ingredients, from the sprayer to the tree, whilst keeping off-target losses from run-off and drift at a minimum.

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15 Feb 2016
Valencia Leaves
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Assessment of retention and persistence of copper fungicides on orange fruit and leaves using fluorometry and copper residue analyses

Gerhardus C. Schutte and Charl Kotze
Citrus Research International

J. Gideon van Zyl and Paul H. Fourie
Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University

High volumes of copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide and copper oxychloride were sprayed under natural conditions onto mature orange trees to compare the etention on citrus leaves and fruit over a period of 56 days by means of copper residue analyses and a spray deposition assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomacrography and digital image analyses. Rainfall and increase in fruit size were also recorded to determine if it had an influence on weathering of copper residues.

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15 Feb 2016
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Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants at reduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities

J. Gideon van Zyl and Paul H. Fourie
Citrus Research International | Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University

Ewald G. Sieverding
Evonik Industries AG, Goldschmidtstraße, Germany

David J. Viljoen
Evonik Africa (Pty) Ltd, Somerset West

South African citrus fruit producers rely heavily on medium to high volume fungicide spray applications (Grout, 1997, 2003) to protect citrus fruit from challenging diseases such as Citrus black spot (CBS) (Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa (syn. Guignardia citricarpa Kiely)) (Kotze, 1981, 2000; Schutte et al., 1997) and Alternaria brown spot (Alternaria alternata (Fr: Fr) Keissl., tangerine pathotype) (Schutte, 1996).

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15 Feb 2016
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Spray deposition assessment and benchmarks for control of Alternaria brown spot on mandarin leaves with copper oxychloride

J. Gideon van Zyl and Paul H. Fourie
Citrus Research International | Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University

Gerhardus C. Schutte
Citrus Research International

Inadequate disease control on citrus foliage and fruit is often attributed to insufficient fungicide spray deposition on target surfaces. This study describes a novel spray deposition assessment protocol and determines deposition benchmarks indicative of the biological effectiveness for better interpretation of spray deposition results.
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